African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences
African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences (AJSTSS) is an annual peer reviewed open-access journal published by Meru University of Science and Technology. The journal publishes original research papers, reviews and short communications in Science, Technology and Social Sciences. Journal ISSN: 2958-0560 Frequency of Publication:Annual AJSTSS Publishes Scientific work in the following areas: 1. Agriculture and Food Sciences 2. Business and Economics 3. Computing, Informatics and Security 4. Education 5. Engineering and Technology 6. Health Sciences 7. Pure and Applied Sciences 8. Social Sciences This Journal uses peer and double-blind review; both the reviewer and author identities are concealed. Papers to be published in AJSTSS must be the original work of the author/s that has not been published previously in any manner.
Meru University of Science and Technology
Proceedings of the 4th Meru University of Science and Technology International Conference (MUSTIC 2025)
Proceedings of the 4th Meru University of Science and Technology International Conference (MUSTIC 2025) held on 25th to 27th June 2025, at Meru University of Science and Technology. Nchiru, Meru, Kenya.
Copyright (c) 2025 African Journal of Science, Technology and Social Sciences
Enhancement of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Production for Organic Waste Management
Addressing sustainable management of faecal matter has become one of the most pressing challenges of our time. It's a global issue that demands attention and innovative solutions. One such innovative solution is utilizing black soldier fly (BSF) technology, which enables bioconversion of faecal matter into valuable resources. In this study, we assessed the oviposition performance of BSF, and the adult emergence rates under different conditions. To achieve this, three feed substrates; faecal matter (FM), kitchen waste (KW), and a FM: KW at a ratio of 1:1. We also tested colour preference on oviposition performance using three flexible plastic tubes, coloured white, yellow, blue, and black as oviposition structures. Three cages of dimensions 2.5m × 1.2 m, 2m × 1 m, and 1m × 1m were used for oviposition and adult emergence tests, whereas flexible plastic tubes were used to collect eggs for comparative purposes. Approximately one kilogram of each substrate was placed into each feeding tray measuring 26 cm × 13 cm × 11 cm with 5 g of five 5-day-old larvae added, and monitored until the pupa stage, after which adult emergence and oviposition were determined. The results indicated that BSF fed on FM: KW at a ratio of1:1had the highest egg production (P < 0.05) (9.38 g) whereas FM and KW attained 4.65g and 5.22 g, respectively. Additionally, 2.5m × 1.2 m cage size was found to be most effective for oviposition (P < 0.05), at 16.38 g of eggs compared to1 m ×1 m at 4.53 g. However, cage size had no impact on adult emergence (P> 0.5). The results also showed that a black-coloured egg tube was the most preferred site for oviposition. Our findings clarify further effective and economical methods to boost the production of BSF, handle and recycle wastes from onsite facilities and retrieve resources that can be utilized as animal feed and organic fertilizer.
Vaginal bacterial microbiome composition in women living with HIV in Meru, Kenya
The immune system status and the vaginal microbiome represent risk factors for hrHPV and women living with HIV are susceptible to persistent HPV infections. This study characterized the vaginal bacterial communities in women living with HIV in Meru. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 38 women living with HIV at the Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital. Genomic DNA extraction and 16S rRNA amplification was carried out. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using R and Cutadapt was used to perform sequence quality control. We identified 6,481 bacterial taxa. Lactobacillus and Gardnerella were the most abundant genera in the study population. In conclusion, this study shows the status of vaginal microbiome in Kenyan women living with HIV. Follow up studies are recommended to include control group of HIV-negative women.
Determinants of high blood pressure management among patients experiencing stroke: a case of Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital
Hypertension remains the most significant modifiable risk factor for stroke worldwide, accounting for nearly half of all stroke cases. In Kenya, hypertension prevalence has steadily increased, contributing to a high burden of stroke-related disability and mortality. This study investigated the determinants of high blood pressure management among patients with hypertension who developed stroke in MeTRH. Using a mixed-methods convergent design, data was drawn from 80 systematically sampled stroke patient records, 42 stratified sampled healthcare workers, and 10 purposively selected hypertensive stroke patients. Data collection employed medical record checklists, self-administered questionnaires, and interview guides. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS V25, and thematic analysis via NVIVO for qualitative interviews and integrated with quantitative findings. The findings revealed, prevalence of hypertension-stroke comorbidity was significantly higher among older adults (mean age= 58.6) and females (67.5%), with poor adherence to treatment and lifestyle modification serving as key risk factors. Healthcare system delivery was constrained by inadequate diagnostic resources, shortages of antihypertensive drugs, and limited provider expertise, with nearly half of healthcare workers reporting less than five years of experience in hypertension management, and only 18.4% identified correct definition of hypertension. No statistically significant association between healthcare delivery and blood pressure control (p=0.308). In conclusion, effective hypertension management is hindered by poor patient adherence, inadequate health system delivery, and insufficient provider experience. Strengthening counselling, standardizing care guidelines, and improving access to diagnostics and affordable medications are recommended. Improving both patient-level and system-level determinants of hypertension control is crucial to reducing stroke burden in resource-limited settings.
Assessment of healthcare professionals’ skills in pain management in Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital and St Theresa Mission Hospital Kiirua, Kenya
ABSTRACT Background: Pain is a public health problem and affects millions of people globally. According to Bisher et al 2023, analysed medical literature reveals a concerning gap of up to 30% of healthcare professionals lack training in pain assessment and management. Effective pain management is essential and possible through comprehensive pain management guidelines, trained healthcare professionals and adequate facilities. Studies suggest that health care professionals often demonstrate varying skills in pain assessment and management and consequently inadequately managed pain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the healthcare professionals’ Skill in pain management in Meru Teaching and Referral hospital and St Theresa mission hospital Kiirua. Methods: Design was a Cross-sectional study (Mar 23 – May5, 2025). Participants included 140 HCPs (22 doctors, 33 clinical officers, 102 nurses).Tool Used was Adopted KASRP questionnaire and modified practice questions from literature review and a checklist to validate skill practice. Ethical approval from MIRERC, NACOSTI, Meru County Research office and a consent from participants were sought. Analysis was by descriptive, Chi-square, logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression at a Significance set at p < 0.05. Results: N= 135. 17(89.5%) out of 19 questions assessing the HCPs skills in pain management were answered correctly. 129(95.6%) participants reported to often follow guidelines to effectively manage pain in their unit and 56 (41.5%) of healthcare professionals reported to use the pain assessment tool every time they meet the patients. Inferential statistics found lack of significant pairwise differences in practice by designation. Mean Differences = 0.15079, Sig. = 0.992 Mean Difference = -1.37143, Sig. = 0.444. There was a significant difference between the KASRP score, sample characteristics and the checklist results where (p<0.001). 48 (100%) of the sampled patient files had a prescription of pain medication, only 11(22.9%) of the files had pain classification and only 2 (4.2%) had finding according to assessment scale documented. Conclusion: All pairwise comparisons show significance levels greater than 0.05, this means that, there are no significant differences in the mean total pain management skill score based on professional designation. With these findings, HCP have good knowledge of what to practice in pain management but the evidence of their practice was lacking through documentation.
Influence of Technology in Curriculum Development: Evidence from Meru University of Science and Technology, Kenya
The integration of information and communication technology (ICT) has become an essential element in educational transformation globally. Despite widespread recognition of its potential, the extent to which universities in Kenya incorporate technology into curriculum development remains underexplored. This study investigates the influence of technological factors on curriculum design at Meru University of Science and Technology (MUST). A correlational research design was employed, drawing data from chairpersons of academic departments and lecturers through questionnaires and document analysis. Findings reveal that technology significantly influences curriculum development, though challenges such as insufficient funding and limited training hinder effective implementation. The study concludes that embedding ICT into curricula enhances learning experiences and exposes students to vast knowledge beyond local contexts. Recommendations include increasing institutional investment in ICT, regular capacity-building workshops for lecturers, and policy-level prioritization of technological integration in higher education.
Evaluation of vegetable waste-derived lactic acid from fermentation of selected vegetable wastes for faecal sludge treatment
Safe disposal of faecal sludge remains a critical challenge in developing countries due to presence of harmful pathogens and odours. Current treatment methods are often inaccessible, ineffective, or costly, causing health and environmental risks. This study aimed to evaluate cabbage waste-derived lactic acid from fermentation of selected vegetable wastes for faecal sludge treatment as a low-cost and sustainable solution for faecal sludge management. Tomato, cabbage, and carrot wastes were fermented for six days at 37 °C with daily monitoring of pH and lactic acid concentrations. Four reactors with faecal sludge-to-lactic acid ratios of 1:1, 1:0.5, 1:0.35, v/v, and a control were set up and monitored for Escherichia coli, odour, total solids, and volatile solids reduction over 16 days. Cabbage-derived lactic acid was selected because the retention factor (Rf) was similar to the standard with no interfering organic acids. Reactor 1:1 eliminated E. coli within four days, achieving zero cfu/mL. TS decreased from 18.5 g/L to 14.5 g/L, while VS declined from 17.7 g/L to 7.6 g/L and 6.3 g/L in the 1:0.5 and 1:0.35 reactors, respectively. Odour reduction was also highest in this reactor, with a Threshold Odour Number (TON) of 7.3 compared to 25 in the control. These findings show that cabbage vegetable wastes can produce lactic acid that can lead to total E. coli elimination and significant odour elimination in faecal sludge. Studies should be carried out to explore feasibility of scaling up this method.
The influence of job characteristics on knowledge sharing and management support as a moderating variable in chartered Universities in Kenya
In the rapidly evolving landscape of higher education, universities are increasingly recognized not just as centers of learning, and research, but as dynamic knowledge intensive organizations. Their core mission to create, disseminate and apply knowledge fundamentally relies on the continuous and effective exchange of information, insights and expertise among faculty, administrative staff and researchers. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of job characteristics on knowledge sharing with management support as a moderating variable in Chartered Universities in Kenya. A cross-sectional research design was adopted and the target population of the study was 384. Data was collected through a self-designed questionnaire. To determine the ideal sample size, Slovins’formula, was used to arrive at a sample size of 196 managers. Pilot test was done to test the validity of data instrument in six universities that were randomly sampled. The questionnaire was validated by use of Cronbach’s Alpha for Content validity and panel of expert’s reviews to ensure reliability and consistency of results when applied repeatedly under similar conditions. Inferential statistics results showed strong R2 while the results of ANOVA for the regression model showed an F statistic that was within the predictable range. The data was tested for adherence to the assumptions of multiple linear regression and the results indicated that the study complied with the definitive tests of normality, autocorrelation and multicollinearity. The results showed a positive significance correlation between job characteristics on knowledge sharing in chartered universities in Kenya since (P< 0.05). The study recommends the university management to strategically formulate job characteristic policies that boast knowledge sharing as well as help employees understand how their roles and competencies help promote knowledge sharing. The study also recommends clear policies on designing jobs whose task significance, job autonomy and job feedback enhances Knowledge sharing among the university teaching and non-teaching staff. Human resource department should also provide precise guidelines and explicitly integrate knowledge sharing attributes into job description and job specification. The study has implications on theory, empirical and practical contributions to this body of knowledge.
Influence of financial accessibility on the financial performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) form the backbone of Kenya’s economy, yet many continue to struggle with financial accessibility. Financial accessibility, defined as the ease with which SMEs can obtain financial services, plays a pivotal role in determining their performance. Despite growing interest in SME financing, empirical findings remain scattered and inconclusive. This systematic review consolidates existing literature to evaluate how financial accessibility influences the financial performance of SMEs in Kenya. The objective of this review was to critically assess and synthesise empirical evidence on the relationship between financial accessibility and the financial performance of SMEs in Kenya, with the aim of identifying key factors, trends, gaps, and policy implications. A systematic literature search was conducted across databases including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, JSTOR, and university repositories, focusing on peer-reviewed articles, theses, and grey literature published between 2013 and 2025. The review followed PRISMA guidelines to ensure transparency and replicability. Inclusion criteria required studies to focus on financial accessibility (e.g., access to credit, banking services, mobile money) and measurable financial performance indicators (e.g., revenue growth, profitability, return on investment). A total of 32 relevant studies were selected and thematically analysed. The review revealed a consistent positive correlation between financial accessibility and SME financial performance. Access to formal credit and digital financial services emerged as the most influential factors. However, challenges such as high interest rates, collateral requirements, and limited financial literacy were found to hinder the full utilisation of accessible financial services. Notably, SMEs in urban areas reported better financial outcomes than their rural counterparts, indicating geographic disparities. Financial accessibility significantly influences the financial performance of Kenyan SMEs, particularly when supported by enabling regulatory environments and financial literacy. However, structural and contextual barriers continue to limit the potential benefits for many enterprises. Policymakers should prioritise reforms aimed at lowering borrowing costs, expanding credit guarantee schemes, and promoting financial education for SME owners. Future research should focus on sector-specific and gender-based analyses to better understand subgroup dynamics. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of over a decade’s worth of evidence on financial accessibility and SME performance in Kenya, offering an updated perspective and identifying underexplored areas such as digital finance adoption and regional inequities.
Assessment of healthcare-related factors influencing traumatic brain injury outcomes among patients at MeTRH
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), defined as a disruption in normal brain function caused by an external force such as a blow, jolt, or penetrating injury, remains a critical public health concern due to its complex nature and long-term impact on health outcomes. In Kenya, particularly at Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital (MeTRH), the burden of TBI continues to rise amidst limited healthcare resources. Despite the growing prevalence, few studies have examined how healthcare-related factors influence patient outcomes in referral hospital settings. This study assessed healthcare-related determinants affecting TBI outcomes at MeTRH. A cross-sectional design was used, involving a sample of 152 participants derived using Nassiuma’s formula and rule-of-thumb sampling. The sample included 84 medical records, 48 healthcare workers (specialists and non-specialists), and 20 patients attending the neurology clinic. Including patients allowed for capturing perspectives on post-discharge care and rehabilitation needs. Data were collected using questionnaires, structured interviews, and medical file checklists. Quantitative data were analysed in SPSS v27 using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.825. Key findings revealed that delayed access to neurosurgical care, inadequate rehabilitation services, and lack of standardized TBI management protocols significantly influenced outcomes such as mortality, functional recovery, and quality of life. The Glasgow Outcome Scale showed poorer recovery where patients lacked timely surgery, ICU admission, or specialist follow-up. Variations in healthcare providers’ knowledge and practices further highlighted gaps in standardized care. The study concludes that availability of specialised care, emergency responsiveness, and structured rehabilitation are pivotal in shaping TBI recovery. Strengthening institutional capacity through training, protocol enforcement, and investment in neurocritical care infrastructure is essential. Policy integration of national TBI management guidelines and establishment of neuro-rehabilitation units are recommended to improve outcomes in resource-limited settings.
Agrochemical use patterns among fresh produce farmers in Nakuru County, Kenya: Examining the instigators
Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Kenya, despite only 10.2% of the total land cover being arable. The agriculture sector contributes 51 percent of Kenya’s GDP, 26 percent directly and 25 percent indirectly, accounting for 60 percent of employment and 65 percent of exports (KNBS, 2024). To achieve optimal production in the agricultural sector, agrochemicals play a significant role. On average 12,983 tons of agrochemicals are imported in to the country annually with a total value of KES 10.7 billion. More agrochemical volumes are required over time resulting in a vicious cycle between agrochemical use dependency and worsening health and climatic conditions. This study sought to determine the agrochemical use practices among Fresh Produce Farmers in Nakuru County, Kenya and their drivers. The study design was a community based cross-sectional analytic and descriptive study. The target population included Fresh Produce Farmers residing in Nakuru County for at least two years routinely applying agrochemicals in their daily occupational activities. A two-stage sampling technique, using probability proportional to size (PPS), was applied to select four sub-counties: Njoro, Kuresoi North, Molo, and Bahati. A total of 388 respondents were sampled using Cochran’s formula with a 10% non-response adjustment. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires, while qualitative insights were gathered through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using SPSS v28 for descriptive and inferential statistics, and NVivo for thematic analysis. The findings revealed a significant association between awareness of pest pressure and resistance of agrochemicals and decision-making on volume and frequency of agrochemical usage. 87% of respondents who used recommendations from experts were aware of the potential environmental impacts of agrochemicals. 72% and 48% of those who used previous experience and those using recommendations from other farmers were also aware of the potential environmental impacts of agrochemicals, respectively. Fresh produce farmers who have realized extreme weather patterns use fewer methods of applying agrochemicals. The Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, and Forestry need to work collaboratively to support fresh produce farmers in Nakuru County in public extension services, which will play a critical role in increasing the protective use of agrochemicals. Public extension services will shift the decision-making habits of the farmers to ensure that they use recommendations from the extension services in all their farming practices.
Knowledge, attitude, practices, and beliefs among religious leaders on uptake and adoption of routine immunization in Turkana, Samburu, Kitui, Kwale, and Garissa counties in Kenya
Vaccination remains the most effective method for controlling communicable diseases. Vaccine hesitancy due to inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes, perceptions, practices, and beliefs among religious leaders is a significant obstacle to this achievement. Engaging religious leaders in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) can enhance vaccination coverage. This study employed a cross-sectional mixed-methods approach to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding vaccine uptake among religious leaders in the selected five counties. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, and information was triangulated through qualitative data collection from key informants, including sub-county medical officers of health, health promotion officers, Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) coordinators, and community leaders. A total of 387 respondents were sampled through stratified and purposive random sampling, yielding a response rate of 95.1%. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 29). The study found low knowledge, at 48%, regarding routine immunisation among religious leaders. Eighty-four per cent (84%) believed that vaccines were beneficial to society at large, albeit with low coverage. Demonstrating this, 62% (240) of the interviewees had received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. However, only 29% (70) had taken the second dose. Only 20% (31) of the eligible girls had received the first dose of the HPV vaccine. Of the 20% who received the first dose, only 19.4% (5) returned for the second dose, demonstrating a negative attitude. The study indicates that religious leaders’ beliefs and attitudes significantly influenced vaccine uptake. The study recommends increased knowledge transfer at the religious congregational level by stakeholders. Secondly, stakeholders should enhance advocacy and social mobilisation efforts to promote uptake of the HPV and COVID-19 vaccine second dose. Thirdly, the Ministry of Health should strengthen collaborative and supportive linkages among stakeholders, religious leaders and the community for sustained vaccine uptake. Lastly, religious leaders should utilise scripture to promote health through routine immunisation.
Role of nurse preceptors in the clinical learning environment for undergraduate nursing students at selected health facilities in Central and Eastern Kenya
To precept means mentoring or instructing someone. The clinical nurse preceptor instructs, coaches and supervises nursing students. The role of a nurse preceptor is an experiential teaching strategy that lasts for sometime and involves a nurse who is experienced in nursing practice working individually with nursing students. The main objective of this study was to assess the role of nurse preceptors in the clinical learning environment for undergraduate nursing students at selected health facilities in Central and Eastern Kenya. was collected from nurses who were directly involved with undergraduate nursing students’ clinical learning environment. 153 nurses from Meru, Nyeri and Chuka Teaching and Referral Hospitals and a structured questionnaire was used to obtain the data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse data and presented in frequencies and percentages using tables and graphs. The response rate was 91.5%. 96 (68.6%) were female while 44(31.4%) were male. The majority of the respondents 137(97.8%) indicated that their role was to welcome and orient students in the clinical learning environment. Other roles mentioned were mentoring and supervising students; interact with students in a friendly manner as mentioned by 129(92.1%) of the respondents. 126(90.0%) of the respondents mentioned inducting new students while 117(83.5%) mentioned assigning duties as per clinical objectives. Nurse preceptors were aware of many roles in the clinical learning environment for undergraduate nursing students. They were aware that they were responsible in moulding a nursing student to be a competent professional nurse. The nurse preceptor should be aware of the students’ learning objectives in order to be effective in their preceptorship. They should be knowledgeable, skilled with critical thinking and decision-making skills that enable them to prepare students to be professional nurses in future. Therefore, nurse preceptor’s roles should be well defined to them.
Influence of parental participation in school management on academic performance in Catholic-owned schools
Parental involvement is a recognised factor in students’ academic success, yet its influence through school governance structures in faith-based institutions remains under-investigated in Kenya. This study explores the relationship between parental participation in school management and academic performance in Catholic-owned primary and secondary schools in Isiolo County. The primary objective was to determine how parents’ involvement in school governance, through roles in Boards of Management (BOM), Parents Associations (PA), and school management committees, influences students’ performance in national examinations. A descriptive survey design was adopted, targeting a population of 1,745 stakeholders. A sample of 224 participants was selected, comprising BOM and PA members, school managers, students, head teachers, and an education secretary. Although purposive sampling was employed due to the study’s focus on Catholic-owned schools, the concentration of such institutions in the area supported representativeness. Data collection involved structured questionnaires, interviews, observations, and document analysis of KCPE and KCSE results from 2008–2012. Academic performance was analyzed in relation to school-level governance practices, while efforts were made to account for confounding variables such as school size, location, and resource availability. Findings revealed that while all schools had active, only 25% of parents participated in funding or strategic initiatives. Most PA meetings focused on discipline, motivation, and academic issues, yet participation in decision-making on school projects and resource allocation was minimal. Schools with structured parental engagement reported improved monitoring of academic progress and communication practices. However, challenges such as student indiscipline (53.33%) and parental apathy (26.67%) hindered broader involvement. The study found a modest correlation between parental participation in school governance and improved academic oversight, though causality could not be definitively established due to the multifactorial nature of academic achievement. The study concludes that while parental involvement exists, its impact is constrained by limited roles in strategic planning and resource mobilisation. It recommends the development of inclusive frameworks and policies that empower parents as active contributors to governance in faith-based schools. These findings offer context-specific insights into participatory governance and its potential in enhancing educational outcomes in marginalised settings.
Resource management and performance of climate change adaptation projects in Kenya
Climate change adaptation has emerged as a crucial area of concern due to Kenya's susceptibility to climate change effects. Many climate change adaptation projects have been implemented across the country, both government and donor funded. This study examined the effects of resource management on the performance of climate change adaptation projects in Kenya. 11 climate change adaptation projects in Marsabit and Isiolo Counties, Kenya, with a total of 2,021 beneficiaries were targeted. A sample of 334 respondents was derived using Slovin’s Formula. Data collection tools included questionnaires for beneficiaries, interviews with key informants, and field observations. Data was analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) described the data, while inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis) assessed relationships between variables. A strong positive correlation was found between resource management and project performance (correlation = 0.409, p=0.000). The regression analysis indicated a statistically significant effect (F = 50,355, p = 0.000) with a coefficient β = 0.393, suggesting that resource management positively influenced project success. The Adjusted R Squared attained was 0.168, which implied that resource management had a poor effect in explaining project performance. The study concludes that resource management is a critical factor for successful implementation and enhancing performance of climate change adaptation projects. It recommends that project implementers should identify, allocate and ensure adequacy of the necessary resources for implementation of projects. The study further recommends resource optimization for efficient utilization of available resources.
Evaluating the effectiveness of sugarcane waste biochar in the purification of greywater
The study investigated effectiveness of sugarcane waste biochar as a sustainable material for purifying greywater to address environmental pollution and enhance water recycling. Biochar was produced by heating sugarcane waste at 500°C, with half of it activated using potassium hydroxide to enhance adsorption. X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the biochar structure. Greywater samples obtained from the kitchen, bathroom and carwash were purified by filtering 100 mL of samples through 10 g of biochar for 5 minutes. The activated and inactivated biochar achieved 92–96% and 80–87% removal efficiency of lead (II) ions, respectively. Chromium (VI) ions removal ranged from 84–92% and 82–86% with activated and inactivated biochar, respectively. Activated biochar removed 76–77% of oil and grease compared to 51–57% for inactivated biochar. Both biochar increased the pH levels, with activated biochar causing a more rise by 63–73%. Total suspended solids removal efficiencies were 21–34% and 40–54% in inactivated and activated biochar, respectively. Slight decrease in sodium dodecyl sulphate detergent, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids was observed for both biochar. There was significant difference between the purification efficiency of inactivated and activated biochar shown by the |t| statistic values which were above t4 critical value of 2.78 (P = 0.05). Based on the study findings, activated sugarcane biochar was reliable for greywater treatment, especially the removal of heavy metal pollutants, oil and grease.
Effects of institutional characteristics on the performance of climate change adaptation projects in Kenya
Climate change poses a major threat to Kenya’s socioeconomic development, particularly in sectors like agriculture. Consequently, a number of climate change adaptation projects have been implemented across the country. However, these efforts have not shown results of community impact. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of institutional characteristics on the performance of climate change adaptation projects in Kenya. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyse data. The target population was climate change adaptation projects in Marsabit and Isiolo counties, Kenya, with a total of 2,021 target population. Using Slovin’s Formula, a sample of 334 respondents was derived. Data collection tools included interviews with key informants, questionnaires for beneficiaries, and field observations. Data was analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. A positive correlation was found between stakeholder participation and project performance (correlation = 0.531, p=0.000). The regression analysis indicated a statistically significant effect (F = 97.929, p = 0.000) with a coefficient B1=.199, which suggests that institutional characteristics positively influence project performance. The study concludes that sound institutional characteristics are a critical factor in enhancing the performance of climate change adaptation projects. It recommends the cultivation of transformative leadership styles, the adoption of project implementation structures with a clear flow of command, and the use of communication technology in the implementation of the projects.
The Influence of school libraries on overall performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) in day secondary schools in Municipality Ward, Meru County
This study investigates the influence of school libraries on overall performance in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) in day secondary schools within Municipality Ward, Meru County. The research addresses a critical gap in understanding the impact of library resources and utilization on academic success in this context. With a focus on four day secondary schools: Kinoru Secondary School, Meru Muslim Day Secondary School, CCM Township Day Secondary School, and Mwithumwiru Day Secondary School. This study will be guided by resource based learning theory and constructivism learning theory. The Resource-Based Learning Theory emphasizes that access to diverse educational materials enhances learning, while Constructivist Learning Theory highlights active, self-directed, and collaborative knowledge construction. Together, these theories suggest that well-equipped and effectively utilized school libraries significantly improve students' KCSE performance. The study employs qualitative methods, including interviews and observations, to gather data from head teachers and teachers in charge of libraries who are informants in this study. In this study the sample population will be 8 respondents, out of which 4 will be the headmasters of those day secondary schools and the other 4 will be the teachers who are in charge of the schools libraries. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between the availability and adequacy of library resources and students' KCSE performance. Pearson's correlation coefficient quantify the relationship between library resources and KCSE performance, with a strong positive r value of 0.75 indicating that better-equipped school libraries significantly enhance students' KCSE scores in day secondary schools in Municipality Ward, Meru County. Effective measures, such as extended library hours and collaborative teaching strategies, enhance the accessibility and relevance of library resources. Regular collaboration between teachers and teachers in charge of libraries is pivotal in integrating library activities with the curriculum, thereby supporting students' academic endeavors. Despite challenges like insufficient funding and limited resources, schools employ various strategies to overcome these barriers, including seeking external funding, updating collections, and forming community partnerships. Monitoring and evaluation practices indicate a positive correlation between regular library usage and higher KCSE performance. The study underscores the importance of continued investment in library resources, infrastructure, and collaborative efforts to further strengthen the impact of school libraries on academic success in day secondary schools in Municipality Ward, Meru County Key words: school libraries; performance
Characterizing natural and human-made features of sand dams in seasonal rivers of semi-arid regions in Kenya
Sand dams have been broadly used as water harvesting technologies in semi-arid regions and are constructed to enhance water accessibility and availability during the dry seasons. Sand dams’ effectiveness relies on proper interactions between natural and human-made features. However, there are few studies that have documented these characteristics and elements comprehensively. This study was aimed at identifying and describing natural and human-made features with a specific focus on sand dams along River Kikuu, Makueni county, Kenya. Field observational surveys were conducted on twenty-one (21) sand dam sites. Mapping was conducted using GIS with geospatial analysis done using QGIS software. The recorded elements were sand dam wall height, sand accumulation depths, and surrounding land cover characteristics. This study reports that studied sand dams varied in terms of dam heights, length, usage and adjacent natural as well as human modifications. Interestingly, sand dams along the Kikuu Sand River in Makueni county supported diverse farming systems and ecosystem functions, acting as a big source of livelihood for the community, enhancing food security. However, it was observed that some of the sand dams faced challenges such as reduced sand accumulation as a result of unregulated sand harvesting and structural dam wall damages. Because of this, there is need for regular monitoring of the sand dams, encouraging responsible sand harvesting, and supporting communities in adopting suitable water abstraction methods that match local needs and dam capacity. The study provides basis for informing future initiatives when it comes to planning, construction, placement, and comparisons of sand dams in other arid and semi-arid regions.
The Technologies used in sanitation delivery in Mukuru kwa Reuben, Kenya
ABSTRACT The Sustainable Development Goals agenda 6.2 aims to improve access to safely managed sanitation by 2030. However, the sewer system serves only 17 % of the Sub-Saharan African population in informal settlements. Possible interventions and options to address sanitation issues in informal settlements have been advanced through research. However, upscaling and improving sanitation in informal settlements has been a challenge. The study investigated the technologies used in sanitation delivery in Mukuru Kwa Reuben. The study employed a descriptive survey design. The unit of analysis was the household level. The target population comprised the household heads involved in sanitation service provisions. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques enrolled 100 household heads from 10 clustered administrative units. Data from the questionnaires and structured observations were analysed using SPSS version 25, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics at a 5% significance level. The sanitation technologies for containment and storage of excreta/sludge included pit latrine, fresh life toilet, pour flush, cistern flush, and composting toilet. In emptying and transportation, eco bags, washing machines, transfer stations, buckets, urine containers, hand carts, trucks, and sewers were used. The excreta/sludge treatment/disposal options encompass treatment plants, septic tanks, open grounds, rivers, and landfills. There was a moderate positive correlation between accessibility and the construction/installation process of the toilet (r = .546, p < .001). There was statistically significant variation in the provision of sanitation technologies for emptying and transportation of sludge/excreta concerning accessibility (p = 0.013), availability (p = 0.047), and accountability (p < 0.001). The study concludes there was significant variation in the type of sanitation technology used and its construction/installation process, which influenced the affordability, accessibility, and availability of sanitation technologies. The study recommends upscaling of composting toilets, sewers, and treatment plants.
Menstrual hygiene management practices among girls aged 9 to 17 years in Mathioya Sub-County, Murang’a County
Menstrual hygiene is an essential component of women's lives, particularly in underdeveloped nations. Nevertheless, numerous women encounter obstacles and hardships within their homes, schools, and workplaces. Girls living in rural areas may have limited knowledge and readiness in relation to menstruation, which can result in challenges and obstacles. More than 50% of teenage females in developing countries demonstrate unacceptable menstrual hygiene behaviors, particularly among those living in rural areas and attending public schools. Limited data exists regarding menstrual hygiene issues among economically disadvantaged adolescent females in Mathioya sub-county, situated in Murang'a County. This study’s objectives were to evaluate the existing personal hygiene habits, the type of menstrual management material utilized, and the disposal techniques employed to improve menstrual hygiene practices and overall well-being among adolescent girls in the region. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design and utilized a stratified random sampling technique. For participation, the study recruited a cohort of 387 adolescent females aged 9 to 17 years. Findings showed that 80% of the girls continuously adhered to appropriate personal hygiene practices by showering regularly, whereas 20% held a divergent viewpoint. Almost all (94%) of the female participants in the study reported changing their menstrual products every 4–6 hours, whereas 6% changed them twice within that time frame, depending on the intensity of their menstrual flow. Majority (98%), utilized soap and water for hand washing whereas 2%, relied solely on water. Eighty-six (86%) of the female participants utilized a cloth, soap, and water to cleanse their genitalia, whereas 14% relied solely on a cloth and water. In addition, 95% of these girls used disposable sanitary pads to efficiently manage their menstrual periods. Because of their poverty, they faced numerous challenges in acquiring these items (89%). Only 92% of the female participants showed a preference for disposable sanitary pads, despite having received information about various menstrual management options. Due to the issue of period poverty, 85% of people have stated that the government and ministry of education should offer complimentary sanitary products to meet their needs. In the end, 97% of participants indicated that the most efficient approach for disposing of menstrual waste was to dispose of it in pit latrines. However, only 10% had the opportunity to use such latrines, and a substantial 83% of those individuals were unaware of the adverse repercussions associated with the inappropriate disposal of menstrual waste. Following the study findings, the research recommends that the State Department of Basic Education in the MOE should include menstrual hygiene management into the National School Health strategy as part of their education strategy, with the goal of enhancing personal hygiene behaviors among girls. The Murang'a county government and school administration should collaborate to offer support in supplying sanitary items and undergarments to adolescent females. Additionally, schools should provide materials for the proper disposal of menstrual waste and explore alternate alternatives to minimize waste.
Assessment of particulate matter (PM) levels in urban centers in Kenya: A case study of Meru Town, Kisumu, and Nairobi
Particulate matter (PM) pollution poses a significant threat to public health in urban environments worldwide. Rapid urbanization, coupled with industrial activities and inadequate environmental regulations, often exacerbate this challenge. This study investigates the extent of PM pollution in three Kenyan cities - Nairobi, Kisumu, and Meru Town - to assess their air quality and potential health risks for residents. Leveraging the high temporal resolution of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled Optical Particle Counters (OPCs), the research collected real-time PM data across various locations within each city. Data analysis, encompassing historical information dating back to 2020, revealed consistently elevated PM levels across all study sites, exceeding the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended air quality thresholds. These findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive air quality monitoring programs across urban centers in Kenya. By quantifying the severity of PM pollution, this research underscores the urgency for policymakers to address this public health threat. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing stricter environmental regulations and developing targeted strategies to mitigate PM emissions, ultimately promoting cleaner air and safeguarding the health of residents in Kenyan cities.
Influence of social cultural factors on adoption of sanitation systems in rural communities : case of Tharaka-North Sub County ,Tharaka- Nithi County, Kenya
The Sustainable Development Goal agenda 6.2 targets to achieve universal basic sanitation and hygiene by 2030 (United Nations, 2018). This paper assessed the influence of social cultural factors on adoption of sanitation systems in rural communities. The article was based on field research that employed convergent research design where both qualitative and quantitative data was gathered simultaneously. Quantitative data was gathered using mixed questionnaires from 388 household heads selected using stratified proportionate simple random sampling techniques.The study objectives were to assess the influence of religion, traditions and gender on adoption of sanitation systems in rural communities and to assess the influence of toilets on adoption of sanitation systems in rural communities Qualitative data was collected using an interview guide from a purposively selected focus group consisting of 13 participants. The findings were organized into themes and presented in narratives. Quantitative data was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 which generated descriptive and inferential statistics to unveil the relationship between variables. The findings, established that the adoption of unimproved toilets was the main form of sanitation system, covering a mean of 2. 9807.A unit increase in traditions led to a 0.029 decrease in adoption of sanitation systems (p.value=0.009) in the rural communities. A unit increase in gender roles led to a 0.142 increase in adoption of sanitation practices (p.value=0.001). Residents believed that faeces left in the open could be used for witchcraft purposes, a tradition that had a positive impact in eradication open defecation. Some religious denominations like the Kavonikia and Agendi associated diarrhea with demons other than the poor sanitation which was seen to facilitate poor sanitation practices and systems. The study recommended that the Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) strategy should target both open defecation and enlighten residents on the dangers of adopting unimproved latrines. The study also recommended that inclusion of women in household sanitation matters to ensure adoption of women and children friendly household sanitation facilities and incorporation of religious leaders as advocates of sanitation systems alongside demographic, psychosocial and environmental factors.
Assessment of suitability of slum toilets for use by women and children on promotion of inclusive sanitation: A mixed methods study in Nakuru, Kenya
Women and children encounter challenges in accessing sanitation services. Unless user-friendly designs are adopted for toilets, those living in slums could have difficult choices of excreta management. The study examined suitability of toilets for use by women and children on promotion of inclusive sanitation in a selected slum in Nakuru, Kenya. The study used convergent design. Quantitative data was gathered using structured questionnaires from 100 household heads sampled using proportionate simple random technique. An observation checklist was used to ascertain toilets’ status and suitability for use by women and children. The data was analyzed in descriptive and logistic regression statistics. Data gathered using focus group discussions was analyzed thematically and findings presented in narratives. The study established that use of toilets by women was compromised by inadequate maintenance, privacy, safety and hygiene provisions concerns. Chances of open defecation were 63.7% lower for women who did not fear visiting toilets at night than for those who did and 45.2% lower for women who accessed clean toilets (p<0.05). The likelihood of being comfortable with toilets was 3.664 times higher for women who accessed toilets located near households, 6.75 higher when they considered toilets as safe for use at night and 7.057 times higher with access to toilets that maintained privacy (p<0.05). Although water was apparently available as supplied by the Water and Sewerage Company, handwashing for women was minimal as the facilities mostly lacked water. Children were escorted by caregivers to toilets as they could not reach the door latches. Distance to toilets for children stood out as a significant factor that discouraged them from using toilets (p<0.05). Hand hygiene for children was minimal due to absence of handwashing facilities, or when present, positioning of the facilities at higher heights than children could reach. The study concluded that sanitation vulnerabilities in slums are amplified by provision of gender and age-non-responsive sanitation and hygiene facilities. Sanitation programming in slums should incorporate a gender and social lens to promote sanitation inclusivity for women and children. Involvement of women in planning processes of sanitation options in slums could be a worthwhile strategy of ensuring that their needs and the needs of their children are adequately addressed.
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Faecal coliforms and pathogenic bacteria in borehole water and household storage in Ekalakala Ward, Machakos County, Kenya
The quality of drinking water is very vital to public health. Diarrhea can be caused by poor hygiene practices, inadequate sanitary action and unsafe drinking water. Globally, 1,000 children die annually due to controllable sanitation-related diarrhoea diseases. Furthermore, Africa has been classified as the leading continent in cholera disease due to a lack of access to safe clean water and basic sanitation. Kenya is a water-scarce country in Africa leading to the drilling of many boreholes in the country. Almost all the households in Ekalakala ward, Machakos County used borehole water for various activities. This study aimed to determine faecal and pathogenic coliforms in borehole water at the source and households in Ekalakala ward, Machakos County. A mixed methods research design was adopted. The most probable number (MPN) technique was used to identify faecal coliforms (Escherichia. coli). Other pathogenic bacteria including Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella species were isolated using thiosulfate citrate bile salts and deoxycholate citrate agar respectively. MPN results showed that most of the samples were contaminated with faecal coliforms with a mean value of 171.3 MPN/100 ml of water. The proximity of boreholes to pit latrines was assessed using a checklist and confirmed that there was a moderate positive correlation of (r) = 0.45. Borehole water in the Ekalakala ward was contaminated with bacterial coliforms and faecal coliforms. Water treatment before use in addition to, education on proper water storage methods by community health providers should be emphasized.
Influence of gender in toilet access on performance of shared sanitation facilities in slums: A case of Nanyuki Slums, Kenya
The Sustainable Development Goals agenda 6 emphasizes on sanitation access alongside gender equality as a transformative strategy to improved sanitation. However, although the need for safe sanitation is a well-recognized agenda, sanitation in slums has become a global challenge with noticeable gender disparities in access to and choices of safe sanitation facilities which could present non-proportional difficult gender-related sanitation choices in slums. With the serious health consequences of poor sanitation, it is essential to understand the gender-related factors associated with ability to access, utilize and maintain shared sanitation facilities in slums. This paper examined the influence of gender in toilet access, on performance of shared sanitation facilities in Nanyuki slums. The field research employed a convergent research design where simultaneous collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data was used. A sample of 98 participants calculated using Yamane’s formula was used. The number of household heads per cluster was determined using proportionate-to-size formula Quantitative data was collected using structured questionnaires from household heads who were selected using cluster and simple random sampling techniques. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 in descriptive statistics and presented in frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations and in inferential statistics like correlations and logistic regressions to unveil relationship between variables. Qualitative data was collected using focus group discussion guides from a purposively selected group consisting of women, men, landlords, Community Health Volunteers, a Public Health Officer and a sanitation representative. The data was analyzed in themes and presented in a narrative way. Findings revealed that females were the most users of shared toilets compared to men (Adjusted OR=1.14, 95% CI: 0.05-1.92, P=0.009<0.05) because they were left at their households due to commitments of carrying out household chores when men could use toilets in their places of work. Toilets were 0.76 times less acceptable and 0.75 less preferable for females than for males. Toilet location far from households, use of toilets at night for females, access to toilets with gapped super structures, unsafe and contaminated toilets significantly reduced the odds of toilet use (P<0.05). Adequacy of toilets (adjusted OR 4.95, 95% CI: 0.98-4.40, p= 0.032<0.05), and ability to meet user needs (adjusted OR 5.73, 95% CI: 0.70-4.15, p= <0.001) increased the chances of use of shared toilets. The odds for preference of toilets significantly increased by 4.95 and 2.09 when toilets adequately addressed user needs and when they were separated by gender respectively (p<0.05). The study concluded that sanitation was among the critical issues that affected slum dwellers and its impact was disproportional to gender. The study recommended the need for provision of gender segregated data in sanitation service delivery, strengthening the role of women in leadership, the need for advocacy, community cohesion and gender mainstreaming in sanitation policies to promote gender-responsive sanitation facilities in slums.
Mass Media as a determinant of community hygiene practices : A case study of Garba Tula Sub-county in Isiolo County
Introduction: Hygiene practices are essential for maintaining public health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Mass media has the potential to influence individuals’ hygiene behaviors and attitudes, by reaching a wide and diverse audience simultaneously, mass media can effectively disseminate targeted hygiene-related messages, leading to improved knowledge. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the contribution of mass media to the adoption of good hygiene practices in Garba Tula sub-county. Methodology: The study employed a mixed method approach where the researcher incorporated both qualitative and quantitative approaches, with a sample size of 191, which included the household heads, public health officers, area chief, and religious leaders. The study was conducted between December 2022 and February 2023. The data was analyzed by use of SPSS (2022) and ANOVA. Results: The study identified media representation, lack of awareness, poverty, lack of water, and culture as some of the factors associated with poor hygiene practices in Garba Tula Sub County. The study found there was a moderate relationship (P=<0.001) between hygiene practices and the media. It was noted that a significant percentage of households depended on the media for hygiene messages. Conclusion: The study concluded that the physical parameters and opinion leaders significantly influenced the adoption of good hygiene practices in the Gabra-Tula sub-county. The study recommends that mass media be used exhaustively to aid in behavior change and creating awareness.
The assessment of shallow well water quality in relation to well distance from the pit latrine
Informal settlements in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa often rely heavily on shallow-dug wells for their water supply, but the wells are susceptible to contamination from various sources because most of them lack protection. The study investigated the levels of microbial quality and physicochemical parameters of shallow wells in Moiben sub- County, Uasin-Gishu County. It employed a quasi-experimental design involving laboratory experiments. A stratified sampling technique was used where sixty-two shallow wells were sampled from the five zones. This enabled analysis. The data was subjected to ANOVA and the most probable number (MPN) method was used to identify the number of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli. The regression coefficients showed the relationship between well distance and microbial contamination with a p-value of 0.000. This implied that the distance of the shallow well from the pit-latrine is a good measure of microbial contamination. The R squared 0.728 implies the well distance can explain 72.8% of the level of microbial contamination. Test on physical parameters showed that. R squared 0.987 implying the well distance is significantly related to contamination by physiochemical parameters. In conclusion, wells located close to pit latrines consistently exhibit the highest level of contamination highlighting the role of pit latrines as a significant source of fecal pollution in groundwater. Ensuring an adequate separation distance of 50m between pit latrines and groundwater sources is important in preventing fecal contamination. Additionally, priority should be given to awareness creation, improving sanitation infrastructure, and the construction of properly engineered latrines and sewage systems.
Influence of environmental factors on public perception towards sewerage treatment plants in Meru County, Kenya
Effective wastewater management is among the Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 targets as it ensures proper disposal of wastewater, nature conservation, and promotion of health. Although Government efforts in supporting establishment of waste water treatment plants have been shown, the projects are at times rejected by the community leading to wastage of resources, unsolved sewage disposal problems, and the spread of diseases emanating from poor sewage management. This study examined the influence of environmental factors on public perception toward sewerage treatment plants in Meru County, Kenya, whose solutions have often been facing rejection from the communities. The study targeted residents around Rwanyange, Gakoromone and Maua sewerage treatment plants in Meru County, Kenya. Mixed methods approach was used with a convergent study design. A sample of 386 household heads was targeted. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used for selection of the areas and household heads respectively. Quantitative data was collected from households using structured questionnaires and analysed in descriptive statistics and in logistic regression using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Logistic regressions were carried out in univariable and multivariable tests to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables and findings presented as odds ratio with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Qualitative data was obtained from focus group discussions, analysed based on themes and presented in narratives. Overall, the public perception towards sewerage treatment plants was negative. Perception varied with age with people aged > 50 years being 2.78 times more likely to exhibit positive perception towards the treatment plants compared to those aged 18-28 years (P<0.05). Participants especially those who resided very near the treatment plants were concerned of the odour that resulted from the treatment plants and the impacts of the plants on soil contamination (adjusted OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.86-3.06, P<0.001). Public notion on the possibility of the treatment plants to result in underground seepage and concerns on the quality of air due to pollution significantly lowered perception by 52% and 60% respectively (P<0.05). The study concluded that public perception towards the treatment plants was affected by participants’ concerns on their impact on the environment. The study recommends community involvement in all implementation stages of sanitation projects for increased acceptance, ownership and trust of solutions by beneficiaries. There is also need for policies that substantiate environmental awareness for sustainable solutions. A transparent process of conducting Environmental Impact Assessment of sanitation solutions in the early stages of implementation could be key in mitigating environmental issues that could likely arise as a result of establishment of the sanitation solutions.
Assessment of fecal coliforms in Catha edulis (Khat) leaves along the value chain in Igembe South Sub-County, Meru, Kenya
Background: Catha edulis leaves have been found to contain high levels of fecal coliforms, exceeding recommended limits for safe consumption, therefore posing a high risk of spreading bacterial diseases. The presence of fecal coliforms in these leaves is a concern for consumers and those involved in their production and transportation. Therefore, this study assessed the fecal coliform contamination rate of Catha edulis (Khat) leaves at different stages of the value chain in Igembe South Sub-County, Meru, Kenya. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted and it involved 328 respondents from 25 locations within the Sub-County, and it adopted a cross-sectional descriptive study design involving one-time sampling of Khat leaves during farming, handling, vending, and consumption. Khat leaves were collected in aerated bags, processed, and evaluated for the presence of fecal coliforms at the Meru University of Science and Technology Laboratory. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum and inferential statistics such as Tukey HSD with the aid of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: Study findings from Tukey HSD revealed that handlers had significantly higher fecal coliform contamination with mean difference=0.1162; p=.000 than vendors (mean difference=0.0994; p=.002), customers (mean difference=0.1096; p=.001) and farmers having the lowest with mean difference=0.0169; p=.000. Conclusion: The study concluded that handling was the most contributing factor to fecal coliform contamination. The study recommends the need for reduce fecal coliform contamination among handlers as well as vendors, customers and farmers by improving sanitation hygiene practices such as handwashing, proper use of sanitation facilities, sanitation of surfaces and equipment and proper storage of khat leaves. Key words; Fecal coliforms contamination, Assessment, Sanitation practices and value chain.